Other examples of self-concept include:
How you view your personality traits, such as whether you are an extrovert or introvertHow you see your roles in life, such as whether you feel that being a parent, sibling, friend, and partner are important parts of your identityThe hobbies or passions that are important to your sense of identity, such as being a sports enthusiast or belonging to a certain political partyHow you feel about your interactions with the world, such as whether you feel that you are contributing to society
Our self-perception is important because it affects our motivations, attitudes, and behaviors. It also affects how we feel about the person we think we are, including whether we are competent or have self-worth. Self-concept tends to be more malleable when we’re younger and still going through self-discovery and identity formation. As we age and learn who we are and what’s important to us, these self-perceptions become much more detailed and organized.
Rogers’ Three Parts of Self-Concept
Humanist psychologist Carl Rogers believed that self-concept is made up of three different parts:
Ideal self: The ideal self is the person you want to be. This person has the attributes or qualities you are either working toward or want to possess. It’s who you envision yourself to be if you were exactly as you wanted. Self-image: Self-image refers to how you see yourself at this moment in time. Attributes like physical characteristics, personality traits, and social roles all play a role in your self-image. Self-esteem: How much you like, accept, and value yourself all contribute to your self-concept. Self-esteem can be affected by a number of factors—including how others see you, how you think you compare to others, and your role in society.
Incongruence and Congruence
Self-concept is not always aligned with reality. When it is aligned, your self-concept is said to be congruent. If there is a mismatch between how you see yourself (your self-image) and who you wish you were (your ideal self), your self-concept is incongruent. This incongruence can negatively affect self-esteem. Rogers believed that incongruence has its earliest roots in childhood. When parents place conditions on their affection for their children (only expressing love if children “earn it” through certain behaviors and living up to the parents’ expectations), children begin to distort the memories of experiences that leave them feeling unworthy of their parents’ love. Unconditional love, on the other hand, helps to foster congruence. Children who experience such love—also referred to as family love—feel no need to continually distort their memories in order to believe that other people will love and accept them as they are.
How Self-Concept Develops
Self-concept develops, in part, through our interaction with others. In addition to family members and close friends, other people in our lives can contribute to our self-identity. For instance, one study found that the more a teacher believes in a high-performing student’s abilities, the higher that student’s self-concept. (Interestingly, no such association was found with lower-performing students.) Self-concept can also be developed through the stories we hear. As an example, one study found that female readers who were “deeply transported” into a story about a leading character with a traditional gender role had a more feminist self-concept than those who weren’t as moved by the story. The media plays a role in self-concept development as well—both mass media and social media. When these media promote certain ideals, we’re more likely to make those ideals our own. And the more often these ideals are presented, the more they affect our self-identity and self-perception.
Can Self-Concept Be Changed?
Self-concept is not static, meaning that it can change. Our environment plays a role in this process. Places that hold a lot of meaning to us actively contribute to our future self-concept through both the way we relate these environments to ourselves and how society relates to them. Self-concept can also change based on the people with whom we interact. This is particularly true with regard to individuals in our lives who are in leadership roles. They can impact the collective self (the self in social groups) and the relational self (the self in relationships). In some cases, a medical diagnosis can change self-concept by helping people understand why they feel the way they do—such as someone receiving an autism diagnosis later in life, finally providing clarity as to why they feel different. Follow Now: Apple Podcasts / Spotify / Google Podcasts
Other Self-Concept Theories
As with many topics within psychology, a number of other theorists have proposed different ways of thinking about self-concept.
Social Identity
Social psychologist Henri Tajfel developed social identity theory, which states that self-concept is composed of two key parts:
Personal identity: The traits and other characteristics that make you uniqueSocial identity: Who you are based on your membership in social groups, such as sports teams, religions, political parties, or social class
This theory states that our social identity influences our self-concept, thus affecting our emotions and behaviors. If we’re playing sports, for instance, and our team loses a game, we might feel sad for the team (emotion) or act out against the winning team (behavior).
Multiple Dimensions
Psychologist Bruce A. Bracken had a slightly different theory and believed that self-concept was multidimensional, consisting of six independent traits:
Academic: Success or failure in school Affect: Awareness of emotional states Competence: Ability to meet basic needs Family: How well you work in your family unit Physical: How you feel about your looks, health, physical condition, and overall appearance Social: Ability to interact with others
In 1992, Bracken developed the Multidimensional Self-Concept Scale, a comprehensive assessment that evaluates each of these six elements of self-concept in children and adolescents. It can also affect the way we communicate. If your social group communicates a certain way, you would likely choose to communicate that way as well. Studies on teens have connected high self-concept clarity with more open communication with parents. All of these cultural norms influence self-concept by providing the structure of what is expected within that society and how one sees oneself in relation to others.
