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Before you create a reference section for a psychology paper, it is important to know how to properly list books, articles, and other sources as well as in-text citations in APA format. The following guidelines can help you prepare a reference section for your APA format paper. No Author Articles and other works that do not provide an author attribution should begin with the title of the work. If the title is a book, list the title in italics....

But as with anything health-related, moderation is key. A recent study from the University of South Australia found that drinking too much coffee may negatively impact brain health. The Research In the largest study of its kind to date, researchers assessed data from 17,702 participants and found that the risk of dementia increased by 53% for those who consumed more than six cups of coffee a day. To reach this conclusion, researchers compared participants’ habitual coffee consumption with total brain volume....

How many people are affected by schizophrenia in the U.S. and worldwide? While there is a relatively low prevalence of schizophrenia, it is a serious mental disorder that can cause significant impairment. Schizophrenia is a serious chronic, lifelong condition. However, it can be managed with appropriate treatment, so it is important to seek help from a doctor or mental health professional if you are experiencing symptoms of this disorder....

It is one of the first components of the self-concept to emerge. People are not born completely self-aware. Yet evidence suggests that infants do have a rudimentary sense of self-awareness. Infants possess the awareness that they are a separate being from others, which is evidenced by behaviors such as the rooting reflex in which an infant searches for a nipple when something brushes against his or her face. Researchers have also found that even newborns are able to differentiate between self- and non-self touch....

This condition is typically characterized by loud snoring or choking, or gasping sounds in your sleep, which can cause you to wake up multiple times in the night and feel tired during the day. It is estimated that anywhere between 5% to 10% of people worldwide live with some form of this condition. This article discusses sleep apnea treatment options, including lifestyle changes, breathing devices, oral appliances, medication, and surgery....

People spend an average of five to six hours each day on their smartphones, not including work-related use. While they are useful, excessive cell phone use can have a detrimental impact on mental health. It has been linked to impaired cognitive function, impulsivity, sleep problems, and addiction to social networking in teens. Despite those dangers, a new study, published in Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, found that it only takes a minor tweak in smartphone usage to make a noticeable difference in your mental health....

A SMART goal is one that is specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, and time-bound. The SMART criteria help to incorporate guidance and realistic direction in goal setting, which increases motivation and leads to better results in achieving lasting change. Changing Behavior With SMART Goals Even though people are often highly motivated to change certain health-related habits, the process of behavior change remains challenging for most. For this reason, researchers have studied various methods to make health-related behavior change more effective....

A soda addiction refers to an individual’s perceived need to consume large amounts of soda, says Marney White, PhD, MS, a clinical psychologist at Yale Medicine who specializes in eating and weight disorders. Dr. White specifies that while a soda addiction isn’t a formal health condition, people can develop an addiction to caffeine, consumed through soda, or they can develop an addictive response to the sugar in soda. This article explores the symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment of soda addiction, as well as the impact of excess soda consumption on your health....

Systemic Desensitization Steps Using systematic desensitization to conquer a fear of shopping in large stores may go something like this: Create an Anxiety Hierarchy Create an anxiety hierarchy of the steps involved in going shopping in a large store. For example, you may have the least anxiety walking into the store. As you get further from the exit doors, your anxiety intensifies. Standing in the checkout line may represent your highest fear response....

While this struggle is felt by couples all over the country, there are ways to use this time to grow closer as a couple instead of growing apart. Reading a book on marriage together can be one of those ways. The books in this list advocate practical strategies to cultivate a stronger relationship. When authored by licensed therapists and psychologists, you’ll find interactive prompts and exercises which are common in couples’ counseling as well as insightful and relatable stories....

Blue is a color often found in nature, such as the pale blue of a daytime sky or the rich dark blue of a deep pool of water. It is for this reason, perhaps, that people often describe the color blue as calm and serene. Yet as a cool color, blue can sometimes seem icy, distant, or even cold. Learn more about the psychology of the color blue, including various color blue meanings related to culture, spirituality, and more....

Let’s take a closer look at a few major specialty areas in psychology. Clinical Psychology Clinical psychologists make up the single largest specialty area in psychology. Clinicians are psychologists who assess, diagnose and treat mental illnesses. They frequently work in mental health centers, private or group practices or hospitals. Within the area of clinical psychology, there are also a number of sub-specialty areas. Some professionals are generalists and work with a wide range of clients while others specialize in treating certain types of psychological disorders or a certain age group....

Characteristics of Dichotomous Thinking Many people experience dichotomous thinking sometimes, but it can be a problem when extreme conclusions about yourself, other people, or circumstances, interfere with your emotional stability, relationships, and decisions. This extreme thinking can cause serious overreactions or emotional responses and may result in significant consequences if you tend to behave impulsively in response to your extreme feelings. Whether it’s breaking off a relationship or poor work performance, dichotomous thinking can affect your quality of life....

The Challenge of Forgiveness Forgiveness can be a challenge for several reasons. Sometimes forgiveness can be confused with condoning what someone has done to us: “That’s OK. Why not do it again?” Even for people who understand the distinction between accepting someone’s bad behavior as “okay” and accepting that it happened, forgiveness can be difficult because these two are easily confused. Forgiveness can also be difficult when the person who wronged us doesn’t seem to deserve our forgiveness....

The Relationship Agoraphobia and social anxiety disorder are interrelated in many ways. In order to understand this, it’s helpful to talk about the definition of these disorders, how the two may differ, and how to tell them apart. That said, many people have both agoraphobia and social anxiety disorder, a phenomenon referred to in medicine as “comorbidity.” Let’s take a look at what we’ve learned about the interaction of these two conditions....

Meet Steve Magness Steve Magness is a world-renowned expert on human performance. He’s worked as a consultant on mental skills development for professional sports teams, including some of the top NBA teams. He co-authored the books “Peak Performance” and “The Passion Paradox” with our former guest Brad Stulberg. He also wrote “The Science of Running” and now he has a new book called “Do Hard Things.” Why Steve Magness Is Mentally Strong Steve can run a mile in just over four minutes....

How many times have you said these words? It feels terrible to be late—to work, to your doctor’s appointment, to your meeting, to meet a friend, getting the kids to school, and even worse, picking the kids up from school. How can you stop this cycle? How can you improve your time management? ADHD coach Kay Grossman, M.A. explains that effective time management requires two skills that people with ADHD often naturally lack, but can learn–planning and marking the passing of time....