What Are the Five Axes in a Multiaxial Diagnosis? In the DSM-IV-TR system, an individual was diagnosed on five different domains, or “axes.” In a single axis system like DSM-5 is, an individual is diagnosed in just one domain. For example, a clinical disorder, such as major depressive disorder, would be assigned. The multiaxial system was thought to give more detail. Axis I: Clinical Disorders Major psychiatric disorders were diagnosed on Axis I....
With suicide rates on the rise in the United States, these research findings can assist with much-needed outreach and programming to support the mental health needs of patients with schizophrenia across the country. Especially given how treatment of schizophrenia and suicide risk continues to be limited by racial healthcare disparities, subsequent studies need to further explore how oppression may exacerbate the high risks of suicide. Understanding the Research Based on this cohort study of 668,836 patients with schizophrenia and Medicare coverage, participants demonstrated a greater risk of suicide than the general population of Americans, with the highest rate among those aged 18-34, and the lowest rate among those aged 65 and over....
According to a 2021 journal article based on a UK study of 506 adults aged 34 years on average, findings suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic may have contributed to an increase in body image concerns for folx of all genders. Body Image Research A 2015 journal article reviewed the efficacy of interventions to improve body image. It found that the following change techniques were associated with significant improvements in how people related to their bodies:...
In Jungian psychology, these archetypes represent universal patterns and images that are part of the collective unconscious. Jung believed that we inherit these archetypes much in the way we inherit instinctive patterns of behavior. Personal vs. Collective Unconscious Jung was originally a follower of Sigmund Freud. The relationship eventually fractured over Jung’s criticism of Freud’s emphasis on sexuality during development, which led Jung to develop his own psychoanalytic approach known as analytical psychology....
And with topics ranging from anxiety and depression to grieving, addiction, and weight control, there’s a good chance you’ll find the right podcast that fits your needs. And the best part? We’ve done the digging for you! All you have to do is grab a pair of headphones or turn up the volume in your car, and get ready to learn from some of the best self-help podcasts. For Procrastination The Joy of Procrastination What if procrastination could be reframed as something positive that would help you get more done in life?...
When you feel helpless, it can be difficult to stay motivated to change your situation. Fortunately, there are some things that you can do to feel better able to tackle life’s challenges. Identify the Source If you feel like there is nothing you can do to change the situation, it can help to assess and evaluate the source of your feelings. Some questions you might ask: Have you been coping with a great deal of stress lately?...
Tradition 11 of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) says, “Our public relations policy is based on attraction rather than promotion; we need always maintain personal anonymity at the level of press, radio, and films.” Al-Anon includes the addition, “We need guard with special care the anonymity of all AA members.“ Not Using Full Names or Naming Groups When discussing their personal recovery with the media, members who are identified by their full names—such as the case of those who are already well known in the media—should not also identify the specific name of their 12-step recovery group....
This process, which occurs during the firing of the neurons, allows a nerve cell to transmit an electrical signal down the axon (a portion of the neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body) toward other cells. This sends a message to the muscles to provoke a response. For example, say you want to pick up a glass so you can take a drink of water. The action potential plays a key role in carrying that message from the brain to the hand....
This article discusses the common symptoms of ADHD and some less common ones people might experience. It also explores potential complications and when you should seek help from a professional. Signs & Symptoms The “Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)” is the official diagnostic guide for mental health issues used in the United States. It identifies nine symptoms of inattention and nine symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity....
An ADHD diet involves both foods to eat and foods to avoid. Ahead, we’ll discuss what exactly comprises an ADHD diet and whether it can help kids living with ADHD. You’ll also learn which foods to eat, which ones to avoid, and what to know about changing your child’s diet. Is There a Standardized ADHD Diet? There is no scientifically specific ADHD diet. And while diet is believed to not be a cause of ADHD, many health experts have similar viewpoints on nutrition’s ability to play a role in ADHD management....
For some, however, coping with the stress that comes with these changes can be so overwhelming that it disrupts their lives. When these feelings persist longer than usual, it may be a sign of an adjustment disorder. Adjustment Disorder Symptoms An adjustment disorder is categorized according to the type of reaction it causes. There are six subtypes of adjustment disorder listed in the DSM-5. Each is based on the type of major symptoms experienced....
“Even mild head injury can incur neurological damage that may have manifest effects in the intermediate and long-term,” says Dr. James Giordano, a professor of neurology and biochemistry at Georgetown University Medical Center. He explains that the initial symptoms of potential neurological damage include: DisorientationVarying levels of confusionBlurred visionMovement and balance problemsFatigueNausea Giordano says that anyone experiencing these symptoms post-injury, even if they are not struggling with consciousness, should have potential damage assessed as soon as possible....
Standard education about sex, unfortunately, leaves out the LGBTQIA+ population of youth, with most young people reporting they don’t find themselves represented in the education they receive. The absence of representation in sex-ed harms LGBTQIA+ youth and can lead them to make less safe choices in adulthood if they don’t receive the information that would otherwise have protected them. This disparity plays out clearly in how cisgender men who have sex with other cisgender men have higher than average rates of STIs....
While some individuals who experience brief psychotic disorders may have other mental health issues, like depression or anxiety, there are also ones who appear to be fine prior to their psychotic break. People who experience a brief psychotic disorder may suddenly begin to hear or see things that aren’t there. They may exhibit bizarre behavior and have difficulty functioning. Yet unlike other psychotic disorders that may require ongoing medication to keep symptoms at bay, brief psychotic disorders resolve within one month’s time....
The difference between these two reactions highlights how positive versus negative emotions can direct your life experiences. Broaden and Build theory helps to explain how we can move away from a survival mode way of responding to situations into a more expansive and thoughtful approach to life. This usefulness of positive emotions is highlighted through this new theory in the field of positive psychology. What Is Broaden and Build Theory?...
Research shows that compared to users of other illicit drugs, such as cannabis, meth, and cocaine, people addicted to heroin may have a tougher time. However, it is not clear from the research whether this is an effect of heroin itself, or whether there are characteristics of the people who get addicted to heroin, or even take it in the first place, that makes them vulnerable to these difficulties....
Top 5 Things to Know About Internet Addiction Symptoms As Internet addiction is not formally recognized as an addictive disorder, it may be difficult to get a diagnosis. However, several leading experts in the field of behavioral addiction have contributed to the current knowledge of symptoms of Internet addiction. All types of Internet addiction contain the following four components: Excessive Use of the Internet Despite the agreement that excessive Internet use is a key symptom, no one seems able to define exactly how much computer time counts as excessive....
The APA ethics code provides guidance for professionals working in the field of psychology so that they’re better equipped with the knowledge of what to do when they encounter some type of moral or ethical dilemma. Some of these are principles or values that psychologists should aspire to uphold. In other cases, the APA outlines standards that are enforceable expectations. The APA’s Code of Ethics The American Psychological Association (APA) publishes the Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct which outlines aspirational principles as well as enforceable standards that psychologists should use when making decisions....
Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development describes a series of eight stages that take place throughout the course of life. The first stage of development, trust vs. mistrust, is all about developing a sense of trust in the world. Let’s take a closer look at some of the major events of the second psychosocial stage of development. Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages Psychologist Erik Erikson created the eight stages of psychosocial development in the 1950s....
Choosing a career can be a real challenge. How do you know what type of jobs are right for you? Is a particular profession suited to your personality, interests, and goals? High school students, college graduates, and adults interested in a career change have to face these difficult questions, and this is where a career counselor can help. This article discusses what career counselors do and where they are employed....
