It’s only natural that children’s social skills have been significantly affected, too, at a pivotal time in their development. No one is sure how the isolation will affect anyone long-term, but Verywell Mind talked to child development experts to see how it may have disrupted children’s development, depending on their ages. Plus, with many of the world’s social interactions moving online, there are some pros and some cons to creating and maintaining friendships online. This article discusses how technology impacts childhood friendships.
How Do Children Make Friends?
First, it helps to understand how children typically develop socially to understand how these changes in their friendships may impact them. According to psychologist Robert Selman, there are five stages of friendship development: Though friendship before the age of three is less studied, there are some patterns that have been observed:
At six months: Babies get excited about seeing other babies, and they may try to smile or make noises to capture the other baby’s attention, but they seem to think of other babies as toys.Between 12 and 18 months: Toddlers begin to show preference or interest in their peers. They may play rudimentary games such as peek-a-boo, which shows that they have some ability to understand another’s perspective.Two and three-year-olds: At this age, they may be able to do small gestures to comfort their friends such as offering a crying friend a toy.
The Pandemic’s Effect on Children’s Friendships
With many schools going virtual in March 2020, children lost their main avenue of socializing—school. Children’s friendships, especially the younger they are, are typically less stable than adults’ friendships. This means these relationships are more susceptible to interruption, especially when the only context they’re interacting in is school—and school is online. Teens were able to stay more connected, to a degree, thanks to social media, but elementary-school-aged children had to rely on their parents to facilitate that communication for them—at a particularly vulnerable age/stage for making friends, says Nikki Lacherza-Drew, PsyD. Many of these children just aren’t used to socializing in person. “I expect we will have to help all children with developing social skills and give higher risk children—those with anxiety, developmental challenges, etc—access to programs and interventions to help them develop the social skills they need to be happy and thrive,” says Dr. Helen Egger, child psychiatrist and co-founder of children’s mental health app Little Otter. In one study that surveyed children between ages five and 14 in April and May 2020, the kids reported that virtual interactions don’t really allow them to “be” with friends or play. Many children also said that they missed being able to perceive warmth from their friends as well as physical touch like hugging or cuddling.
Role of Technology in Children’s Friendships
There’s no doubt that the role and availability of technology played a major role in social interactions during the pandemic.
Drawbacks of Technology
As we are all too well aware, there are plenty of significant drawbacks to the role of technology in people’s lives but certainly in children whose brains are still developing. “The younger the child is when using technology, the less developed their social skills will be. It is a lot harder to read facial expression[s] and body language-critical social skills virtually,” says Dr. Egger. One studyof 12,000 children between the ages of 10 and 13 revealed that experiencing cyberbullying in adolescence was associated with a greater risk of suicidality than in-person bullying. “This is a very important finding that makes it imperative that parents, teachers, pediatricians, and mental health providers learn if kids are experiencing cyberbullying," says Dr. Egger.
Benefits of Technology
Despite risks, technology isn’t all bad. For instance, a study measured friendships in six domains: For more mental health resources, see our National Helpline Database. One of benefits is in the area of self-disclosure. Many adolescents reported that they were more likely to share emotionally intimate information via text message because it gives them time to compose messages thoughtfully and regulate their emotions. Additionally, there were clear benefits for those with social anxiety, with those using instant messaging or chat rooms reporting higher friendship quality than those who didn’t use those platforms.
Long-Term Effects of Digital Friendship
While it is too early to know the long-term effects of these social interruptions, both early research and previous research on isolation can give an idea of potential effects.
Children Might Have a Difficult Time Understanding Non-Verbal Cues
Early research shows that the physical distancing related to COVID-19 affects social cognition. This includes a weaker ability to recognize emotions on others’ faces—especially a more difficult time recognizing positive emotions.
Children May Lose Friendships
And even children themselves are aware and worried about the long-term effects on their friendships. In Lacherza-Drew’s experience, one of the hardest things on kids was when their friends’ families’ attitudes around COVID-19 safety started to diverge. “They would see those friends on Instagram doing things they couldn’t do—and those friendships ultimately died out, because they weren’t seeing them at all.” “I worry,” says Lacherza-Drew, “that if we’re not on top of teaching them social skills, and going at it more intensely, we’re going to have a cohort of kids with social anxiety through the roof and relationships not forming the way they usually did." However, on a positive note, she thinks that some portion of virtual friendship going forward will be a part of normal reality—and help expose them to diverse peers across the country or world that they might not know otherwise.
What to Do
But things are not hopeless. Since children’s brains are young and malleable, it’s possible to correct and counteract some of this. “Children are resilient,” says Dr. Egger. “But that resiliency is dependent upon getting the help they need to bounce back.” Dr. Egger suggests helping children build in-person relationships with children and adults at school, playgrounds, after-school activities, sports, and other social activities.
A Word From Verywell
Your child may struggle with the adjustment, but give them grace as they re-adjust to a world that is either completely new to them (for those who were born during or just before the pandemic) or unlike the one we lived in before the pandemic.
