As such, PTSD (a disorder caused by exposure or threats of death, serious injury, or sexual violence) can lead to other disorders that each have their own set of unique causes, characteristics, and symptoms. In addition to GAD, other co-occurring disorders can include panic disorder (PD), social anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and specific phobia.
Understanding Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) goes well beyond the normal worrying and fretting that most people experience. It is defined as the excessive worry about subjects or events that persist at least six months. The anxiety is something the person can’t seem to control with the object of worry often switching from one thing to the next. The worrying ultimately takes up a lot of a person’s day with little relief and to the point where relationships and work are affected. A person is diagnosed with GAD in the presence of at least three of the following physical or cognitive symptoms:
Edginess or restlessnessFatigue or tiring easilyImpaired concentration or feeling as if one’s mind suddenly goes blankIrritability, either internalized or externalizedIncreased muscle tensionDifficulty sleeping or unsatisfying sleep
In order to confirm a diagnosis, the symptoms cannot be explained by any other causes or conditions including prescription medications, alcohol use, illicit drug use, neurological problems, or another medical condition.
The Relationship Between PTSD and GAD
Some research suggests that roughly one in six people with PTSD experience GAD at some stage in their condition. While the reasons for their coexistence are not entirely clear, we do know that worry is a common feature of PTSD. Because emotional responses are typically hyper-aroused in people with PTSD, worries can also be extended and exaggerated to the point where they can no longer be controlled. In some individuals, worry may even be used as a coping mechanism. Worry can provide people with distance from the thoughts and feelings they are unable to face. Another possible explanation is that PTSD and GAD have similar origins. While trauma is the innate cause of PTSD, it can also be the trigger that leads to GAD.
Other Disorders That Co-Exist With PTSD
In the same way that GAD can coexist with PTSD, other anxiety disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorders share similar origins and overlapping symptoms. Among them:
Panic disorder (PD), and particularly panic attacks, are quite frequent in PTSD. Panic disorder is characterized by frequent and unexpected panic attacks and ongoing concerns about future attacks. Social anxiety disorder occurs quite frequently in people with PTSD and is defined by the intense fear and avoidance of social situations in which the individual is exposed to possible scrutiny by others. Specific phobia is estimated to occur in around 30% of people with PTSD and is typified by the fear of specific objects (such as spiders, blood, or dogs) or situations (elevators, bridges, heights). Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been less studied in relation to PTSD, but some research suggests that over 35% of people with PTSD may have OCD. OCD is characterized by excessive obsessive and/or intrusive thoughts as well as repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions) performed in response to the obsession.
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